News
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Organic 2D Heterostructures
September 23, 2026 –
Researchers from Technische Universität Dresden, the Max Planck Institutes of Microstructure Physics (Halle) and for Polymer Research (Mainz), Ulm University, and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (Germany), Pohang University of Science and Technology and Yonsei University (Republic of Korea), and Utrecht University (Netherlands) have stacked chemically distinct two-dimensional polymers into van der Waals heterostructures with a lattice registry programmed at the molecular level. Layer-by-layer growth on a water surface yields ten heterostructures with lattice mismatches between 0% and 18%. Lattice-matched stacks separate photoexcited charges within picoseconds, carry built-in interfacial potential steps of up to 2.1 V and act as diodes with rectification ratios exceeding 107.
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MoSe2–WSe2 Heterostructures
July 25, 2026 –
Researchers from Friedrich Schiller University Jena, the Technical University of Darmstadt, and Ulm University (Germany) and the National Institute for Materials Science in Tsukuba (Japan) have grown purely lateral and hybrid lateral/vertical heterostructures of MoSe2 and WSe2 monolayers in a single chemical vapor deposition step from liquid metal-salt precursors. Which of the two types forms is set simply by the Mo:W ratio of the precursor solution. Electron microscopy reveals interfaces only about 5 nm wide and epitaxial growth of the top layer, and the vertical MoSe2/WSe2 regions show strong interlayer exciton emission that persists up to room temperature and at 4 K is the only emission left.
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Staggered 2D Polymer Membranes
June 19, 2026 –
Researchers from the Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics in Halle, TU Dresden, Ulm University and partner institutions have built an ultrathin two-dimensional polymer membrane whose staggered (ABC) layer stacking splits each pore into triangular nanochannels only 1.36 nm wide, densely lined with positively charged pyridinium sites. The narrow, strongly charged channels let chloride ions pass while blocking cations, guide the anions along a “screw-like” path, and deliver a peak osmotic power density of 243 W m−2 under a 50-fold NaCl gradient. High-resolution TEM images show the crystalline lattices of both the staggered sV2DP membrane and the AA-stacked comparison membrane es-V2DP.
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Dual Surface Osmium Synthesis
April 14, 2026 –
Researchers from the United Kingdom (Universities of Nottingham and Oxford, and Diamond Light Source) and Germany (Ulm University) have shown that the geometric duality of single-walled carbon nanotubes can be harnessed to template inorganic nanostructures. Combining SALVE Cc/Cs-corrected TEM at 60 kV with ensemble-level spectroscopy, the team demonstrated that the convex outer surface favours bulk-like osmium nanostructures, while the concave inner channel produces quasi-one-dimensional osmium nanowires. The findings open new routes to metastable osmium phases and establish carbon nanotubes as a dual-interface laboratory for next-generation functional nanomaterials.
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Defects in 2D Materials
March 31, 2026 –
An international team of 31 researchers from 30 institutions in 14 countries, among them the Electron Microscopy Group of Materials Science at Ulm University (Germany) and the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Tsukuba (Japan), has mapped out the challenges and open questions that still stand in the way of deterministic defect engineering in two-dimensional materials. Following a Beilstein-Institut symposium, the perspective examines the limits of techniques such as nano-Raman, scanning tunneling and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the gap between predicted and measured retention of implanted ions, the role of the substrate and of residual gas in ion- and electron-beam damage, and the readiness of machine learning interatomic potentials for defect simulations. For each problem, the authors propose solutions or work-arounds intended to accelerate the development of defect-driven 2D materials for electronics, quantum technologies and membranes.
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Crystalline Gallium Oxide Dielectric
February 02, 2026 –
Researchers from the University of Nottingham (UK), Ulm University (Germany), and the Universidad de Cádiz (Spain) have captured the real-time formation of crystalline gallium oxide (Ga2O3) at the atomic scale on conducting graphene. Using in operando near-ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and advanced scanning transmission electron microscopy, the team revealed the growth mechanisms of these ultrathin dielectric layers. The resulting oxide exhibits a wide band gap of 4.5 eV, large band offsets (>1.5 eV) relative to graphene, and breakdown electric fields of 5–30 MV/cm—properties that make it a promising building block for scalable, miniaturized nanoelectronics.
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Graphenic-Pyrolyzed Polymers
January 23, 2026 –
Ultrathin conductive carbon films fabricated from pyrolyzed photoresist have been characterized by a team from the University of the Bundeswehr Munich and Ulm University. TEM and Raman spectroscopy revealed nanocrystalline sp2 domains within the sub-nanometric layers, and the scalable fabrication via standard lithography enabled their use as NO2 gas sensors on full 4-inch wafers.
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Single-Crystalline 2D Polymers
January 20, 2026 –
Researchers from TU Dresden, Peking University, Ulm University, and the Max Planck Institutes in Mainz and Halle have developed a Mannich-elimination strategy that converts 2D imine-covalent organic frameworks into highly crystalline 2D poly(arylene vinylene)s. The approach enables synthesis of single-crystalline domains exceeding 2 micrometers. HR-TEM and continuous rotation electron diffraction reveal the molecular-level honeycomb structure.
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Bottom-Up Nanocrystalline Graphene
January 02, 2026 –
Researchers from Leiden University, Ulm University, TU Dresden, TU Darmstadt, the University of Groningen and Xi'an Jiaotong University have developed a bottom-up synthesis method for centimeter-sized nanocrystalline graphene monolayers by pyrolyzing a Langmuir monolayer of polyaromatic hydrocarbons at the water-air interface. The resulting material has a thickness of just 0.36 nm—comparable to single-layer graphene—and offers a modular strategy for designing nanocrystalline 2D films with potential applications in nanoelectronics and as free-standing membranes.
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Stationary Atoms Solidification
December 09, 2025 –
Researchers from Ulm University and the University of Nottingham have discovered that stationary atoms play a crucial role in the solidification process of liquid metal nanoparticles. Using aberration-corrected low-voltage TEM, they demonstrated that metal atoms bound to graphene vacancies can keep liquid platinum super-cooled more than 1000 °C below the bulk solidification temperature, enabling unprecedented control over crystallization dynamics at the atomic scale.
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Proton-Selective Graphene
November 27, 2025 –
Graphene lets protons through but blocks methanol, which makes it a candidate membrane for methanol fuel cells. Researchers from Leiden, Ulm, Dresden, Darmstadt and Beijing grafted sulfophenyl groups onto centimeter-sized single-crystal graphene. The membrane conducted protons better than Nafion™, doubled the fuel-cell power and held back methanol; HRTEM with the SALVE microscope confirmed that the lattice stayed free of holes.
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Polyoxometalate Aerogels
September 24, 2025 –
Researchers from the Universities of Mainz, Ulm and Jena (Germany) have turned a polyoxometalate-based organogel into a catalytically active aerogel for the first time. A TRIS-functionalized Anderson polyoxometalate forms a gel with ZnCl2 in acetonitrile within 10 seconds, and freeze-drying converts it into an aerogel light enough to rest on a flower. Electron microscopy at Ulm University reveals layered, fibrous sheets with a uniform distribution of all elements, and the aerogel catalyses the selective oxidation of alcohols.
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Atomic-Scale Imaging Ni
June 13, 2025 –
At high temperatures in carbon-rich environments, metallic catalysts like nickel can undergo carbonization – forming metal carbides – which leads to catalyst deactivation. Researchers from ShanghaiTech University in China, the University of Nottingham and the University of Leeds in the U.K., and Ulm University in Germany have now directly observed, in real time and at atomic resolution, how a nickel nanocrystal transforms into nickel carbide inside a carbon nanotube.
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Real-Time Dynamics Se
May 21, 2025 -
A collaborative team from the University of Nottingham (UK), the SuperSTEM Laboratory in Daresbury (UK) and Ulm University (Germany) reports a controllable route to in‑situ nano‑engineering of elemental selenium. By confining Se inside boron nitride and carbon nanotubes and manipulating the filler with a low‑voltage electron beam, the scientists created one‑dimensional phases with optoelectronic properties that can be tuned on demand. This three‑in‑one use of the electron beam – as imaging probe, spectroscopic tool and nanoscale press – opens a pathway toward designer semiconductors for flexible nanoelectronics.
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Charge Transfer from Carbon
May 14, 2025 -
Researchers from the University of Nottingham (UK), Ulm University (Germany), and the Universidad de Valencia (Spain) have unveiled a model system in which metal-oxide nanoparticles encapsulated in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) exhibit high electrocatalytic activity for water splitting. Remarkably, even though the encapsulated oxides are isolated from the bulk electrolyte, the carbon shell alone shows metal-oxide-like catalytic performance. Spectroelectrochemical analysis and first-principles simulations reveal that charge transfer from the carbon host to the metal oxide reduces the electron density on the carbon surface, thereby enhancing its oxophilicity and accelerating the rate-determining step of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). These insights provide a new mechanistic framework for designing efficient and sustainable carbon-based electrocatalysts through electronic modulation.
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Hot Carriers in 2D Polymers
May 13, 2025 - The potential of high-energy 'hot carriers' in organic materials has been largely unexplored due to their extremely fast energy relaxation. An international team from institutions including the Universities of Dresden, Utrecht, Ulm and Hong Kong, and the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, has now demonstrated highly mobile hot carriers in a two-dimensional conjugated polymer (Cu₃BHT) that achieve ultrahigh mobility. The discovery could advance the development of organic-based hot carrier devices, opening new possibilities for high-speed transistors, efficient photovoltaics, and novel photocatalysis applications.
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1H/1T′ Transition in MoTe2
March 21, 2025 -
A team from the Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST (Italy), Ulm University (Germany), the MAX IV Laboratory (Sweden), the University of Trento (Italy) and Sorbonne Université (France) has switched monolayer MoTe2 back and forth between the semiconducting 1H phase and the semimetallic 1T′ phase, using graphene encapsulation and controlled thermal annealing in ultra-high vacuum. The research opens new pathways for phase-change electronics and quantum devices based on 2D materials.
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Metallic 2D Polyaniline
February 05, 2025 –
Linear conducting polymers typically conduct electricity only along their chains, limiting their three-dimensional applications. Researchers from Technische Universität Dresden, Ulm University (both Germany), and CIC nanoGUNE (Spain) have now synthesized a two-dimensional polyaniline crystal (2DPANI) that, for the first time, exhibits metallic conductivity perpendicular to the polymer layers (out-of-plane). The discovery could advance the development of 3D organic metals, opening new possibilities for flexible electronic components and device applications.
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Low-Dimensional Polymer
January 21, 2025 -
Researchers from Dresden, Ulm, Halle, Göttingen, Cambridge and Hong Kong have synthesized Cu5BHT, a new electrically conductive coordination polymer with a low-symmetry structure. It conducts like a metal and carries current about eight times better along one crystal direction than along the others, the first in-plane electrical anisotropy measured in such a material. Aberration-corrected electron microscopy at Ulm University resolved the unusual arrangement of its two kinds of copper–sulfur building units.
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Grain Boundary Engineering
October 15, 2024 -
Researchers from Ulm University and Leiden University (the Netherlands) have studied how grain boundaries in nanocrystalline carbon monolayers change under the electron beam, and how this depends on the beam energy. Using the spherical and chromatic aberration-corrected SALVE microscope, they imaged the layers at 80, 60 and 40 kV. At 60 kV and a high dose rate, the beam removed contamination and reshaped grain boundaries atom by atom without tearing holes into the layer. The findings suggest that grain boundaries could one day be engineered on purpose, for filter membranes or nanoscale circuits.
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Long-Lived Na–CO2 Batteries
October 09, 2024 -
Sodium–carbon dioxide batteries could store renewable electricity while recycling CO2, but so far they have not lasted long. Researchers from the Technical University of Ilmenau, Ulm University and Zhengzhou University have now developed a “two-in-one” electrode with defects on several length scales that serves as both the sodium anode host and the CO2 cathode. As a cathode, it ran for about 2400 cycles (4800 hours), longer than any cathode reported for Na–CO2 batteries before.
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Exfoliated MgB2 Diboride
October 09, 2024 - To expand the use of semimetallic two-dimensional materials, researchers from institutions including Trinity College Dublin, Ulm University, and the University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague have developed a method for inert liquid exfoliation of magnesium diboride (MgB2). This technique enables the production of thin films with enhanced stability and metallic conductivity by minimizing oxidation. Using a Langmuir-type deposition, the team created stable MgB2 films that show potential as flexible electrodes in printed electronics.
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Low Contact Resistance MoTe2
August 23, 2024 - Single-layer molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) is the two-dimensional semiconductor whose semiconducting and semimetallic phases lie closest together in energy, which makes it a prime candidate for low-resistance contacts grown directly into the crystal. Scientists from the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia in Pisa and Genova, Ulm University, Lund University, the University of Trento and Sorbonne University have found that hexagonal 1H crystals turn into the semimetallic 1T′ phase during growth as soon as they touch a 1T′ crystal, and have traced the mechanism with Raman spectroscopy, aberration-corrected low-voltage TEM and first-principles calculations.
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Defect Signatures in TMDCs
August 07, 2024 –
Researchers from Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and Ulm University have developed a method to correlate atomic defect densities in TMDC monolayers with their optical spectroscopy signatures. Using the CC/CS-corrected SALVE microscope at 80 keV, the team creates controlled sulfur vacancies in MoS2 and WS2, then transfers the irradiated samples to various substrates for Raman and photoluminescence analysis.
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Lithium Crystals in Graphene
July 18, 2024 - Lithium-ion batteries lose capacity as they age, and defects in their electrode materials play a part in this. Researchers from Ulm University, the Helmholtz Institute Ulm, the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, CEOS GmbH, the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, the University of Science and Technology of China and Qufu Normal University have now watched lithium crystals form and dissolve between graphene sheets, atom by atom. The crystals start at missing carbon atoms, and oxygen atoms trapped inside them turn part of the lithium into “dead” lithium oxide when the battery is discharged.
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Stacked 2D MoS2 Layers
July 1, 2024 - Single missing atoms change what molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) can do, but in a stack of several layers they hide among the atoms above and below them. Researchers from Ulm University have now counted missing sulfur atoms layer by layer in low-voltage electron microscopy images, even in the middle layer of a three-layer stack, which no image shows directly. The middle layer loses sulfur about ten times more slowly than a single layer.
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Designing 2D Polymers
May 8, 2024 - Films of two-dimensional (2D) crystals are made of many small crystal domains, and the grain boundaries between them make the films brittle. Researchers from Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong University of Technology and Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China, together with the universities of Dresden, Ulm and Bielefeld, have grown films of 2D covalent organic frameworks on water whose domains are woven into each other at the grain boundaries. The films are strong, tough and elastic: a film suspended over a hole about 47 µm wide can be pressed in by more than a micrometre twenty times in a row and springs back each time.
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Outer Functionalization CNTs
April 10, 2024 - Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are hard to functionalize in a robust way without damaging their carbon lattice. Researchers from Ulm University and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg have now closed positively charged macrocycles around the nanotubes in water and found that, at the same time, the triiodide counterions of the rings slip into the tubes and form polyiodide chains. The result is a three-shell composite with rings outside and chains of iodine inside that leaves the properties of the nanotubes almost untouched and could be of interest for energy storage.
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Kagome 2D Polymers
March 03, 2024 - Two-dimensional van der Waals heterostructures (2D vdWhs) are of significant interest due to their tunable physical properties defined by the constituent monolayers. Scientists from the Max Planck Institutes of Microstructure Physics and Polymer Research, together with universities in Dresden, Ulm and Göttingen, Germany, and Seoul, Korea, and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, have fabricated a new type of 2D vdWh from a monolayer Kagome 2D polymer and graphene, with defined interfacial band alignment and strong interlayer coupling.
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SHORT: Damage Mechanisms in 2D c-MOFs
March 01, 2024 - Knowledge of the atomic structure of layer-stacked two-dimensional conjugated metal–organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs) is an essential prerequisite for establishing their structure–property correlation. Scientists from Ulm University and the University of Nottingham, together with partners in Dresden and Halle, have provided detailed insights into the factors that make 2D c-MOFs stable in the TEM, and have imaged the most stable one, Cu3(BHT), with a resolution of 0.95 Å at 80 kV, resolving all structural features.
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Krypton Gas and Dimers
January 22, 2024 - Scientists have trapped single atoms of the noble gas krypton inside fullerene cages, slid them into carbon nanotubes and released them on demand, watching with the electron microscope as the atoms paired up into dimers, lined up in short chains and finally formed a one-dimensional gas. A team from the Universities of Nottingham, Ulm, Southampton, Leeds and Queensland and the SuperSTEM Laboratory has thus developed a molecular system for the delivery and direct observation of krypton atom dynamics in direct space and real time.
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Electron Beam-Phase Engineering MoTe2
January 15, 2024 –
Molybdenum ditelluride is the transition metal dichalcogenide whose phases lie closest together in energy, which makes it a prime candidate for phase engineering. Researchers from Ulm University, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf and Aalto University have now followed, atom by atom, how a single layer of semiconducting H-MoTe2 turns into metallic Mo6Te6 nanowires and finally into pure molybdenum crystals, driven either by the electron beam of the SALVE microscope at 40–80 kV or by heating in vacuum. The team measured the damage cross-sections of the material for the first time, explained the transformations with first-principles calculations and showed that a graphene sandwich protects the layer against both stimuli.
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Fifth SALVE Symposium 2023
September 25-28, 2023 - The fifth SALVE Symposium taking place at Ulm University was attended by 111 participants from 16 countries. Latest results of the application of SALVE to topical research on 2D materials were presented throughout the conference.
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Magnetic 2D RuCl3
April 26, 2023 - α-RuCl3 is considered particularly interesting for fundamental studies of magnetic properties in low-dimensional structures. A team of researchers from the Universities of Heidelberg, Ulm and Kassel as well as the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research and the Bundeswehr University in Germany, Trinity college in Ireland and the National Institute of Technology Durgapur (India) have demonstrated sonication-assisted liquid exfoliation with confirmed structural integrity.
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Indium Selenide Nanoribbons
March 14, 2023 - Indium selenides keep several of their most attractive properties, such as ferroelectricity and high electron mobility, when they are thinned to two dimensions, but nobody had made them narrower than a few tens of nanometres. A team from the Universities of Nottingham (United Kingdom) and Ulm (Germany), the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the Diamond Light Source (United Kingdom) has now grown single-layer InxSey nanoribbons less than one nanometre wide inside carbon nanotubes, identified their phase atom by atom with aberration-corrected TEM, and watched one phase turn into another on heating.
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Few Layer MnPS3
February 20, 2023 - Manganese phosphorus trisulfide (MnPS3) is a particularly interesting material in the context of magnetism in a system with reduced dimensionality. A team of researchers from Ulm University and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf in Germany has presented an experimental and theoretical study on modifying the properties of free-standing quasi-two-dimensional (2D) MnPS3 by local structural transformations via electron irradiation and thermal annealing, which may open opportunities to build new devices for the storage of quantum information.
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Quantification of Amorphous 2D Materials
December 9, 2022 – Two-dimensional amorphous materials, from monolayer amorphous carbon to thin polymer films, have no unit cell that could stand in for the whole structure: every atom counts. Scientists from Ulm University and Dresden University of Technology (Germany) together with colleagues from Xi'an Shiyou University and Xi'an Jiaotong University (China) have developed a deep-learning pipeline that locates every atom in aberration-corrected HRTEM images of such materials, sorts out contaminated and multilayer regions and turns the result into bond-length, bond-angle and ring statistics, a basis for linking the structure of amorphous 2D materials to the way they are made and to what they can do.
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Exciton Diode in MoSe2–WSe2
November 19, 2022 – At the border between two semiconductors only three atoms thick, excitons travel one way only. Researchers from Toulouse, Jena, Ulm, Darmstadt and Tsukuba lifted CVD-grown lateral MoSe2–WSe2 heterostructures off their growth substrate, sealed them in hBN and reached exciton line widths as narrow as in exfoliated layers. HAADF-STEM at 200 kV in Ulm showed a junction only about 3 nm wide, and tip-enhanced spectroscopy revealed that excitons cross it from WSe2 into MoSe2 but never back: the junction acts as an excitonic diode.
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Chemical Modification of 2D TMPTs
September 01, 2022 - Transition metal phosphorus trisulfides (TMPTs) are layered materials with intrinsic magnetic properties. Researchers from Ulm University, the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf and Aalto University have analysed in detail how the electron beam (30–80 kV) of the aberration-corrected SALVE microscope interacts with few-layer MnPS3, FePS3 and NiPS3. Sulfur leaves first, oxygen moves in, and the defects add new states to the band gap, opening a way to tune ultrathin freestanding TMPTs by controlling their stoichiometry.
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Chemical Vapor Deposition of 2D Janus SeMoS
August 21, 2022 - Janus monolayers carry selenium on one face and sulfur on the other, and this built-in asymmetry promises new physics. Researchers from Jena, Toulouse, Dresden, Ulm, Tsukuba, Darmstadt and Aalto now grow large-area Janus SeMoS monolayers in a single CVD run on gold foil, where sulfur atoms replace exactly the bottom selenium layer of MoSe2. Cross-sectional STEM and EDX resolve the S/Mo/Se stacking, and hBN-encapsulated monolayers show narrow exciton lines, strong valley polarization and an exciton g-factor of −3.3.
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2D Nanosheet Device Integration
August 15, 2022 - Defects decide how 2D materials behave in devices, but device measurements cannot see them. Researchers from Ulm University, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem have developed a way to image and modify free-standing 2D flakes in the SALVE microscope and then transfer the same flakes onto any substrate. Built into tunneling devices and probed by photoluminescence, the electron-beam-made defects show clear electrical and optical signatures.
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2D Polymers Accelerating Voltage
July 08, 2022 – Organic 2D crystals are destroyed by the electron beam long before the microscope reaches its limit, so the choice of electron energy matters. Researchers from Ulm, Dresden, Guangzhou, Jinan, Leipzig, Seoul and Halle compared 300, 200, 120 and 80 kV on two crystalline 2D polymer films and found the best image resolution, 1.9 Å, at 120 kV. The sharper, higher-contrast images revealed molecules trapped between the polymer layers, made hydroxyl side groups on the linkers measurable and mapped the rings of an amorphous organic 2D film.
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Raman Spectra of Graphene Nanoribbon
June 22, 2022 - The vibrations of the hydrogen-capped edge atoms of graphene nanoribbons have long been hidden in their Raman spectra. Researchers from the Universities of Vienna, Aveiro and Ulm, together with partners in China and Japan, have grown long, ultrathin nanoribbons from the dye terrylene inside carbon nanotubes, imaged them with low-voltage TEM and removed the masking dye signal from their spectra. For the first time, the CH modes that mark the ribbon edges can be read in detail.
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Fourth SALVE Symposium 2022
June 04-07, 2022 - The 4th SALVE Symposium brought together distinguished scientists from 14 countries to discuss low-voltage instrumentation and its applications.
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TEM Layer Identification MoS₂/MoTe₂
June 1, 2022 -
How many layers does a flake of MoS₂ or MoTe₂ have? For two-dimensional materials the exact number decides their properties, yet it is hard to read directly in the electron microscope. Researchers from Ulm University have now compared high-resolution TEM, electron energy-loss spectroscopy and 3D electron diffraction on freestanding flakes with one to four layers. HRTEM reliably singles out the monolayer, while momentum-resolved EELS and 3D electron diffraction can tell up to four layers apart; diffraction proved the least affected by contamination and the gentlest on the sample.
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Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons
March 01, 2022 - Sub-nanometer armchair graphene nanoribbons with a moderate band gap have great potential for novel nanodevices. Scientists from Sun Yat-sen University and ShanghaiTech University (China), the universities of Ulm (Germany) and Vienna (Austria) and the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Tsukuba (Japan) grew such ribbons inside carbon nanotubes of six different diameters. Raman spectroscopy and low-voltage TEM at SALVE show that the tube diameter sets the ribbon width, a step towards producing specific armchair nanoribbons on a large scale.
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Ultrathin ReS2
February 01, 2022 - Ultrathin rhenium disulfide (ReS2) may find future applications in nano-electrodes. Researchers from the universities of Nottingham (UK) and Ulm (Germany) have synthesized ReS2 nanoribbons only four rhenium atoms wide inside carbon nanotubes for the first time and followed their stepwise formation at the single-atom level with the SALVE microscope.
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NaCl Crystals Between Graphene
November 1, 2021 - Salt crystals only a few atomic layers thick survive in the electron microscope only as long as their graphene wrapper is intact. Researchers from Ulm, Dresden and Aalto imaged quasi-two-dimensional NaCl crystals sealed between two graphene sheets with Cs-corrected HRTEM at 80 kV and watched them decompose within seconds once a single hole appeared in the graphene. DFT calculations showed that free-standing crystals would disintegrate quickly, and larger crystals proved to be destroyed sooner than small ones, so only high-quality graphene can protect ionic crystals from beam damage.
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Bandgap PtTe2
August 16, 2021 - Platinum dichalcogenides change from semimetals to semiconductors when they are thinned down to a few layers. Scientists from the University of South Florida (USA), the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf and Ulm University (Germany) have grown mono- and multilayer PtSe2 and PtTe2 on graphene and graphite, characterized them on the atomic scale with low-voltage TEM at SALVE and measured their band gaps for the first time. Calculations show that only modest pressures are needed to reduce the gap significantly, which makes Pt dichalcogenides candidates for pressure sensing.
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Aqueous Zinc-Metal Batteries
July 28, 2021 - Cubic α-Mn2O3 was long thought useless as a cathode for water-based zinc batteries. Researchers from the Helmholtz Institute Ulm, the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology and Ulm University (Germany) have now shown that it transforms irreversibly into a layered zinc manganese oxide during the first discharge and then stores zinc ions and protons one after the other. Ex situ XRD, XPS, SEM and HRTEM trace the reactions step by step. A mesoporous form of the material ran for 2000 cycles, a promising result for low-cost, large-scale energy storage.
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Atom Migration in MoTe2
June 14, 2021 - Missing atoms decide much of what a 2D semiconductor can do. Researchers from Ulm University, the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (Germany) and Aalto University (Finland) have followed, atom by atom, how tellurium vacancies in single-layer MoTe2 migrate, line up and finally turn small patches into the metallic 1T′ phase under a 40 keV electron beam. DFT calculations show that every move breaks down into two kinds of single-atom jumps, and that strain from the vacancies themselves steers the rotation of vacancy lines and stabilizes the new phase.
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2D Polyimide on Graphene
May 11, 2021 - Researchers from Dresden, Ulm and Diamond Light Source grew a single-layer 2D polyimide on water, stacked it face to face with graphene and imaged the moiré patterns with aberration-corrected TEM in Ulm. After protonation with acid, charge jumps from the polymer into the graphene within about 60 femtoseconds, as fast as in the fastest inorganic heterostructures.
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1D p–n Junction in TMDs
May 04, 2021 - The thinnest diode imaginable is a single line of atoms. Researchers from Jena, Ulm and Cambridge grew one-dimensional p–n junctions between monolayers of MoSe2 and WSe2 in a single CVD run, imaged the atomically sharp border with SALVE’s aberration-corrected electron microscopes, and built rectifiers, solar cells, self-powered photodetectors, ambipolar transistors and light emitters from them.
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Restoring Defective Graphene
April 25, 2021 - Graphene attracts hydrocarbons that hide its lattice and spoil its electronics. Researchers from Leiden, Eindhoven, Ulm and Dresden cleaned it with a mild hydrogen plasma, counted the clean lattice in aberration-corrected TEM images, showed that adsorbed water keeps it clean, and restored the pristine lattice by annealing, with two to three times higher carrier mobility.
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Isotope-Labelled Carbyne
March 22, 2021 – Carbyne, a chain of carbon atoms predicted to be stronger than any known material, survives only inside carbon nanotubes. Researchers from Vienna, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Ulm and AIST in Tsukuba filled nanotubes with methanol as an extra carbon source, raised the yield of the chains and, with 13C-methanol, built isotope-labelled carbyne for the first time, with up to 11.9 % 13C. Raman spectroscopy traced the isotope shift, and aberration-corrected HRTEM at 80 kV in Ulm showed a single chain about 20 nm long inside a triple-walled nanotube.
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MoS2 Photoconductivity
January 11, 2021 – After five minutes of UV light, transistors made of single-layer MoS2 keep conducting up to ten million times better, and the effect decays with a time constant of about 30 days. A team from Jena, Ulm, Bochum, Daejeon, Moscow and Detroit traced this giant persistent photoconductivity to sulfur vacancies, which were counted atom by atom with the SALVE microscope in Ulm.
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Nanoribbons Inside Nanotubes
January 01, 2021 – Graphene ribbons less than a nanometer wide are semiconductors with a band gap set by their width. A team from Guangzhou, Vienna, Antwerp, Budapest, Ulm and AIST in Tsukuba grew such ribbons of two precise widths from ferrocene inside carbon nanotubes. The SALVE microscope in Ulm showed them as flat ribbons inside the tubes, and Raman spectroscopy revealed their exact structure and band gaps.
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First Direct Observation of Atomic Permeation
October 25, 2020 - How does an atom pass through a hole in a carbon membrane only one atom thick? Researchers from Ulm and Nottingham watched palladium atoms leave a nanoparticle inside a carbon nanotube one by one through a single vacancy in the tube wall, in real time and with atomic resolution. The particle first has to turn amorphous, and the curvature of the wall drives the atoms from the inside to the outside.
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In-Situ Formation of Defects in WSe2
September 22, 2020 - A single missing atom can change how a two-dimensional semiconductor conducts current or emits light. Researchers at Ulm University watched, atom by atom with the SALVE microscope at 80 kV, how an electron beam turns a perfect tungsten diselenide monolayer into vacancies, vacancy lines, rotated domains and finally holes, and found a new type of mirror twin boundary on the way.
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Crystal Formation Unraveled
August 28, 2020 - How does a crystal begin? Researchers from Ulm, Nottingham, Leeds and AIST in Japan filmed iron, gold and rhenium atoms inside carbon nanotubes as they formed crystal nuclei, atom by atom. In all three metals, the atoms first gathered into a disordered cluster that only later turned crystalline, the long-debated two-step path of nucleation.
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Bond Dynamics of H2O and HF Inside C60 at 30 kV
August 20, 2020 – Single water and HF molecules, each locked in a C60 cage inside a carbon nanotube, have been taken apart one bond at a time by the electron beam. Researchers from Ulm, Nottingham, Southampton, Leeds and SuperSTEM watched single fluorine atoms blink in the cages with the SALVE microscope at 30 kV and found that knocked-out hydrogen atoms amplify the damage of the beam.
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Kavli Prize for EM Pioneers 2020
May 27, 2020 - The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters awarded the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience 2020 to Harald H. Rose (Ulm University and TU Darmstadt), Maximilian Haider (CEOS GmbH, Heidelberg), Knut W. Urban (Forschungszentrum Jülich) and Ondrej L. Krivanek (Nion, Kirkland) “for sub-ångström resolution imaging and chemical analysis using electron beams”.
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Proton and Lithium Permeation Through Defective Graphene
May 19, 2020 - Carbon films one atom thick that are full of eight-atom rings still block helium, but let protons through about 1000 times more easily than perfect graphene, and lithium ions pass as well. Researchers from Manchester, Antwerp, Jena, Ulm, Singapore, Tokyo and the Chinese Academy of Sciences imaged the rings with HRTEM in Ulm and STEM at AIST in Tsukuba and traced the selectivity to their low energy barriers, a promising route to membranes for fuel cells and lithium batteries.
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Defect Formation in Two-Dimensional MoS2
March 20, 2020 - Electron microscopes damage thin MoS2 sheets even at voltages too low to knock atoms out directly. Researchers from the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Aalto University and Ulm University measured the damage with the Cc/Cs-corrected SALVE microscope from 80 kV down to 20 kV and showed with first-principles simulations that electronic excitations, trapped at an atom that is just being displaced, open an additional channel for defect formation.
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Individual Molecules Under the TEM
January 17, 2020 - For the first time, single dirhenium molecules have been filmed as the bond between their two metal atoms breaks and forms again. Researchers from Ulm University and the University of Nottingham created bare Re2 molecules inside carbon nanotubes and imaged them at 80 kV with the Cc/Cs-corrected SALVE TEM, validated with a Cs-corrected TEM. The bond length changed in steps, showing that the bond order switches between one, two and four, and just before breaking the molecule passed through a previously unknown state with a bond order below one.
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High Optical Quality of MoS2
January 01, 2020 - MoS2 monolayers grown by chemical vapor deposition can match exfoliated ones. Researchers from Toulouse, Jena, Ulm and NIMS Tsukuba counted the vacancies in the grown layers atom by atom with the Cc/Cs-corrected SALVE microscope at 60 kV and found a defect density of the same order as in exfoliated monolayers. Encapsulated in hBN, the grown layers emit light with lines as narrow as those of the best exfoliated samples.
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Graphene with Tunable Crystallinity
May 22, 2019 - Graphene sheets with adjustable crystallinity and porosity can be grown from nitrogen-containing molecules. Researchers from Jena, Ulm, Frankfurt, Bielefeld and Braunschweig cross-linked monolayers of such molecules into carbon nanomembranes and converted them into graphene by heating; as the nitrogen leaves, pores open. Dark-field TEM, HRTEM and electron diffraction at 80 kV, including the Cc/Cs-corrected SALVE microscope, confirm crystallinity and porosity in agreement with a growth model.
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Visualization of DNA at 20 kV
May 10, 2019 - Unstained DNA nanostructures on ordinary commercial carbon films have been made clearly visible in the TEM. Researchers from Delft, Maastricht and Ulm compared three in-focus phase contrast techniques. With the Cc/Cs-corrected SALVE microscope at 20 kV, single DNA helices of a DNA origami nanoplate became visible at room temperature from only about 100 micrographs. A volta-potential phase plate at 200 kV also gave high contrast, while dark-field imaging made the DNA visible but is not yet suited to single particle analysis.
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MoTe2 Under the Electron Beam
April 26, 2019 - New point and line defects have been revealed in single-layer MoTe2 under the electron beam. With the Cc/Cs-corrected SALVE microscope at 40 kV, researchers from Ulm, Dresden and Aalto followed how tellurium vacancies cluster into tetravacancies and trefoils, line up into vacancy lines and finally form inversion domains and islands of the metallic 1T′ phase. First-principles calculations showed that some of the defects carry magnetic moments and that vacancy lines act as metallic quantum wires, which may make MoTe2 a platform for quantum devices.
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Observation of Lithiation of Graphene
November 26, 2018 - A battery made of just two graphene sheets has been charged and discharged inside the Cc/Cs-corrected SALVE microscope at 80 kV. Researchers from Stuttgart, Ulm, Dresden and Aalto watched lithium enter the bilayer and, unexpectedly, form a crystal of several close-packed layers instead of the sparse LiC6 known from graphite. Such superdense lithium normally appears only at very low temperatures or extreme pressures. The crystals grew and vanished reversibly with the applied voltage, pointing to new ways of storing ions in 2D layered materials.
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Periodic Table of Nanocatalysts
August 23, 2018 - Researchers from Ulm and Nottingham have compared nanoclusters of 14 transition metals inside carbon nanotubes, used as nano test tubes, by Cs-corrected HRTEM at 80 kV. The electron beam both drove and imaged the reactions. The clusters became more dynamic as soon as they bonded to carbon, the metals could be ranked by their bonding with carbon and by their catalytic activity, and the two rankings formed the volcano plot known from heterogeneous catalysis, with the group 10 metals Ni, Pd and Pt as exceptions.
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Graphene Synthesis Understood
February 26, 2018 - Researchers from Erlangen, Berlin and Ulm have found out why the wet-chemical synthesis of graphene from graphite so often fails. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that oxidation and a well-ordered stacking of the graphite layers lower the friction of the sulfuric acid between them. Starting from highly crystalline natural graphite, the team made graphene with lattice defects down to 0.02 %, and Cs-corrected HRTEM at 80 kV in Ulm imaged its intact carbon lattice atom by atom.
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Third SALVE Symposium 2017
December 12, 2017 - The 3rd SALVE Symposium brings together distinguished scientists from 17 countries to discuss low-voltage instrumentation and its applications.
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SALVE Microscope Inauguration
December 11, 2017 - SALVE members, funding agencies, the presidents of the national, European and international microscopy societies, as well as the president of the University of Ulm celebrate the inauguration of the SALVE microscope in its purpose-made building.
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SALVE Microscope Comes Home
September 29, 2017 - There is something to celebrate at Ulm University: the SALVE microscope comes home! The new microscope building has been completed on time for the move.
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Modification with Subnanometer Precision
September 08, 2017 - The electron beam that images 2D materials atom by atom also damages them, but used with care it can rebuild them. Researchers from Singapore, Vienna, Lincoln, Dresden-Rossendorf, Espoo, Ulm and Beijing review how a controlled beam in aberration-corrected (S)TEM creates point and line defects, switches phases and sculpts atomic chains, metallic nanowires and new monolayers in graphene, hexagonal boron nitride, transition-metal dichalcogenides and phosphorene.
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Nanobubbles and Crystal Growth in Graphene Pockets
July 28, 2017 – Inside pockets of single-distilled water sealed between two graphene sheets, scientists from Ulm University watched calcium sulfate crystallize as anhydrite in its insoluble AII phase, a crystal only about two unit cells thick. Cs-corrected HRTEM at 80 kV and EELS identified the crystals and followed their growth. The van der Waals attraction between the graphene sheets keeps the water at a pressure of hundreds of megapascals, and the small thickness lowers the transition temperature, so the crystal forms at nearly room temperature.
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Caught on Camera with ChemTEM
February 13, 2017 – Researchers from Nottingham, Ulm, the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz and further partners have filmed chemical reactions of single molecules from start to finish. With their approach, chemTEM, the electron beam of an aberration-corrected TEM at 80 kV both triggers and images the reactions. Perchlorocoronene (PCC) and octathio[8]circulene (OTC), two disk-shaped molecules of similar size but different composition, reacted on graphene and inside carbon nanotubes, forming chlorinated graphene nanoribbons and sulfur-rich polymers via intermediates caught on camera.
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Endohedral Metallofullerenes
January 18, 2017 – Researchers from Moscow, Leeds, Ulm, San Sebastián and Nottingham have wrapped clusters of 50–70 nickel atoms in carbon cages, creating endohedral metallofullerenes far larger than any made before and with a metal that conventional methods cannot enclose. The 80 kV electron beam of an aberration-corrected TEM both triggered and filmed the reaction inside carbon nanotubes, and molecular dynamics simulations showed why the beam yields six times more caged clusters than heat.
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2D Silica and Kagome Lattice Materials
November 9, 2016 - Two-dimensional silica turns out to be a kagome lattice, a network of corner-sharing triangles long studied in theory. Researchers from Turku, Vienna, Ulm, Stuttgart, Dresden, Aalto and Bratislava identified its vibrational states with Raman spectroscopy, HRTEM and density functional theory, found a quick, nondestructive way to detect the material and showed that interactions between phonons keep the lattice stable at room temperature.
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SALVE Cs/Cc Correction Realized
August 9, 2016 - With a new corrector for both spherical and chromatic aberration, the SALVE III microscope resolves atoms at every voltage from 20 to 80 kV. Scientists from CEOS, FEI (today Thermo Fisher Scientific) and Ulm University reached an information limit of 90 pm at 40 kV, only 15 times the electron wavelength and a record for phase-contrast TEM, and imaged single atoms in graphene and MoS2 at 30 kV.
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Inorganic Synthesis in Carbon Nanotubes
June 23, 2016 – Inside carbon nanotubes only 1.4 nm wide, molecules of metal carbonyl and iodine react to identical clusters of six metal and fourteen iodine atoms, and a second reaction in the same tubes turns these clusters into MoS2 and WS2 nanoribbons. Researchers from Nottingham, Ulm, Leeds, Warwick and AIST in Tsukuba report the first multi-step inorganic synthesis in a nanotube. Aberration-corrected HRTEM at 80 kV in Ulm, on a Thermo Fisher Titan TEM with a CEOS Cs corrector, revealed the octahedral clusters, their tumbling motion and how the electron beam links molybdenum clusters into a new polymer; scanning TEM at 60 kV at AIST, on a JEOL 2100F with a DELTA Cs corrector, cross-checked the result. EDX confirmed the composition of every product.
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SALVE III Sets World Record
April 25, 2016 - Ulm University, FEI Company and CEOS GmbH announced today that they have finalized the SALVE III microscope. "We are truly excited by the successful completion which surpassed all our expectations the more since the SALVE microscope is the first of its kind. Our long-lasting efforts have paid off,” said Ute Kaiser, University of Ulm, head of the SALVE project.
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Benefits and Limitations of Low-kV Cryo-EM
February 23, 2016 - Low voltages brought atomic resolution to graphene and other 2D materials. Can they also sharpen the view of viruses and proteins frozen in ice? Researchers from Carl Zeiss Microscopy in Oberkochen, Heidelberg University and Ulm University tested this with tobacco mosaic virus at 20 to 80 keV on two Cs-corrected Zeiss Libra 200 microscopes with energy filters, among them the SALVE II microscope. The contrast nearly doubled from 80 to 40 keV, but damage and multiple scattering grew faster: for conventional ice layers, the best signal came at 60 keV.
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Interactions and Bonding between Carbon and a New Group of Metals
February 05, 2016 – How do metals bond with carbon nanotubes? Researchers from Nottingham, Ulm, Leeds and Moscow sealed iron, ruthenium and osmium, three metals of group VIII, inside single-walled carbon nanotubes and watched them react atom by atom. Aberration-corrected HRTEM at 80 kV in Ulm, on a Thermo Fisher Titan with a CEOS Cs corrector, showed osmium cutting the tube, ruthenium growing carbon shells and iron turning into carbide. At 40 and 20 kV, on the Cs-corrected SALVE II microscope, the beam energy alone switched osmium from removing carbon to building new carbon structures.
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Electron-Beam-Controlled Attachment of Molecules to Graphene
January 04, 2016 – Under the electron beam, small organic molecules on graphene bond to the sheet and stand up. Researchers from Nottingham, Ulm, Bielefeld, the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research in Mainz and Jena predicted with first-principles calculations that radicals of aromatic hydrocarbons bond to two carbon atoms of different sub-lattices and align along the armchair direction of graphene. Aberration-corrected HRTEM at 80 kV in Ulm confirmed it: chlorinated coronene molecules switched back and forth between flat rings and upright lines, always aligned with the armchair direction.
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Beam Down in SALVE III
July 24, 2015 - This Friday, one milestone of the SALVE III project was reached: the SALVE III/TITAN has been handled over from FEI Electron Optics to CEOS company, after the beam traveled down the column with the SALVE++ Cc/Cs corrector installed.
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FEI Joins SALVE
March 16, 2015 - FEI company joins University of Ulm and CEOS company in the SALVE project. This step initiates the third phase of the SALVE project to develop a sub-Ångström low-voltage electron microscope with improved contrast andreduced damage on bio-molecules and two dimensional nanomaterials.
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Robust Gold Carbide
March 16, 2015 - In experiments involving the heating of graphene decorated with gold particles in the electron microscope, scientists discovered little crystals with quadratic arrangements which had a larger lattice constant than pure gold clusters. The Repeated heating of up to 1000 K allowed reproduction of the structure. As the scientists reported, it is a material that has never been synthesized in such a large quantity and stability until now: gold carbide. For their analysis they combined aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (AC-HRTEM) with density-functional theory calculations (DFT).
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SALVE Symposium 2015
February 17-18, 2015 - Scientists from 16 countries met in Ulm, Germany for the Second SALVE Symposium 2015.
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Se-Deficient 2D MoSe2
March 11, 2015 – Single layers of MoSe2 grown by molecular beam epitaxy with slightly too little selenium hide the deficit in a dense network of mirror twin boundaries inside their grains. Researchers from Ulm, Aalto University and EPFL Lausanne imaged them at 80 kV in Ulm on an FEI Titan with a CEOS Cs corrector and weighed the composition, MoSe1.983, by counting the boundaries. DFT calculations show that the boundaries are the stable form of a selenium deficit, carry states along their length and block holes crossing them. Under the beam, new mirror twins formed, and at a very high selenium deficit the sheet turned into nanowires.
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Harald Rose at 80
February 16, 2015 - On the occasion of Harald Rose's 80th birthday a physical colloquium was held at Ulm University..
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Self-Interstitials in Graphene
January 14, 2015 - Researchers from the group of Electron Microscopy of Materials Science at the University of Ulm with the principle investigator Ossi Lehtinen under the direction of Ute Kaiser succeeded for the first time to image implanted self-interstitials at the example of the material graphene.
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Boron Nitride Chains
December 01, 2014 - A research team from Japan, Finland and Germany under the direction of Kazu Suenaga, Arkady V. Krasheninnikov and Ute A. Kaiser has experimentally for the first time produced and observed boron nitride atomic chains using a transmission electron microscope.
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Low-Voltage EM Special Issue
October 12, 2014 - Ultramicroscopy devotes a special issue to low-voltage electron microscopy. Guest editors are Ute Kaiser and Michael Stöger-Pollach. We present here furthermore a detailed evaluation of our aberration-corrected TEM data basis on (1) which topics are generally represented in the high-impact factor journal and (2) on the potential of imaging of biological objects.
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Proton-Irradiated Graphene
June 21, 2014 - A novel method for non-invasive imaging of vacancy defects in graphene by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy is demonstrated and used to show that ion irradiation of graphene produces reconstructed monovacancies.
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2D Carbon Nitride
May 18, 2014 - A European team consisting of nine groups from UK, Germany and Finland demonstrate two-dimensional carbon nitride for the first time.
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Carbon Glass
February 11, 2014 - In a new study, published in the journal "Scientific reports" from the Nature publishing group, researchers explore further the atomic structure of glass.
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ZEISS Leaves SALVE
February 06, 2014 - ZEISS will leave the SALVE project in the wake of the decision to focus the electron microscopy branch on Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Technology.
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BBVA Award 2013
January 30, 2014 - The award goes to physicists Harald Rose, Maximilian Haider and Knut Urban for greatly enhancing the resolving power of electron microscopy by developing aberration-corrected electron optics, a breakthrough enabling subatomic precision.
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Defects in Silica and Graphene
December 16, 2013 - Through a combination of aberration corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) with density functional theory (DFT) and classical force field (CFF) calculations, an international team of scientists with the participation of the SALVE project has investigated how the symmetries of the crystal lattice determine defects and grain boundaries.
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Watching Silica's Dance
November 25, 2013 - By the use of the electron beam of a low-voltage aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscope, a detailed picture of a two-dimensional glass on the atom-by-atom level could be obtained.
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MoS2 Encapsulated in Graphene
October/November, 2013 - The radiation damage in MoS2 under the electron beam at electron energies of 60 and 80 keV can be largely avoided by encapsulation between 2 graphene layers. As two groups of researchers at the University of Manchester in collaboration with the SuperSTEM laboratory (both UK) and at the University of Ulm (Germany) independently and consistently reported, the radiation damage in the beam-sensitive 2-dimensional transistion metal dichalgonide (TMD) is reduced by several orders of magnitude.
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First SALVE Symposium
October 14-15, 2013 - More than 50 scientists met in Ulm, Germany for the Physical Colloquium and Reception on the occasion of Ute Kaiser’s 60th birthday and the international SALVE Discussion Meeting.
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Sulfur Vacancies in MoS2
July 02, 2013 - By combining high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations, researchers from the Universities of Helsinki and Aalto (Finland), and Ulm (Germany) has for the first time studied production, diffusion, and agglomeration of sulfur vacancies in monolayer MoS2. The results suggest a new way for strain and electron-beam-assisted engineering of MoS2-based nanostructures.
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3D Buckling in Graphene
June 28, 2013 - The birth and death of a dislocation - its full life cycle is captured by low-voltage aberration corrected high-resolution TEM. We discuss the role of dislocations and the central importance of the 3D buckling calculation for graphene research.
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Beam Damage in N-Doped Carbon
September 24, 2012 - A team of scientists from 6 European countries, including the the Universities of Aalto, Vienna, Helsinki, and Ulm, the Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon, the Laboratory for Microstructural Investigations Chatillon, and the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Stuttgart, has combined STEM, HRTEM, and computational methods to study the electron beam damage in carbon nanotubes and graphene with nitrogen dopants.
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Displacement Thresholds in TMDs
July 17, 2012 - Scientists from the Universities Helsinki and Aalto in Finland, the University of Ulm in Germany and of Vienna in Austria studied the behavior of 21 representative two-dimensional atomic crystals under electron irradiation by employing first-principle simulations and compared their results in the case of MoS2 with experimental data on the production of vacancies in HR-TEM images. The study provides insights into the effects of electron irradiation on TMDs and the modification of their physical properties about which very little is known today.
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Knock-on Damage in Graphene Linked to Lattice Vibrations
May 07, 2012 - Above 80 kV, the electron beam starts knocking carbon atoms out of graphene, although a static calculation puts the threshold near 108 kV. Researchers from Ulm, Vienna, Stuttgart, Helsinki, Aalto, Seoul, San Sebastián and Carl Zeiss counted the missing atoms in ordinary and heavy 13C graphene at 80–100 kV and made the first accurate measurement of the displacement cross section. The lattice vibrations of the struck atoms explain the smooth onset of the damage.
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Cs-corrected, monochromated low-voltage TEM
May 03, 2012 - A study examines the global research activities in the new field of hardware aberration-corrected low-voltage electron microscopy.
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Metal–Nanotube Interactions
January 17, 2012 - A group of researchers from the Universities of Ulm (Germany) and Nottingham (UK) as well as the company Zeiss (Germany) has now for the first time studied the interaction of the transition metals W, Re and Os with the interior of CNTs by imaging at the single-atom level in direct space and real time using LV-AC-HRTEM combined with DFT simulations.
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Hot Adsorbates on Graphene
October 24, 2011 - A new study unravels the transformation of carbon adsorbates on graphene into amorphous or crystalline carbon monolayers at extremely high temperatures.
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Irradiated Carbon Nanosystems
June 23, 2011 - A new study examining the mechanisms of irradiation-driven bond rotations at moderate electron energies was carried out at the Universities of Helsinki and Aalto in Finland and at Ulm University in Germany.
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Wolf Prize 2011
May 29, 2011 - Harald H. Rose (Ulm University, SALVE), Maximilian Haider (CEOS GmbH, SALVE) and Knut W. Urban (Ernst Ruska-Centre, Jülich) received the Wolf Prize in Physics 2011 for the realization of aberration-corrected electron microscopy.
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Charges Under the Microscope
March 16, 2011 - Experimental and theoretical studies reveal that TEM can resolve charge transfer due to chemical bonds.
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2D Amorphous Carbon
March 09, 2011 - A team of scientists from Finland and Germany has studied the transformation of graphene into two-dimensional amorphous carbon. The observations, along with first-principles calculations, provide new insights to the bonding behavior of carbon and the dynamics of defects in graphene.
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Green Light for SALVE Phase II
February, 2011 - SALVE Team received green light from sponsors DFG and the Baden Württemberg Ministry for Science, Research and Art (MWK).
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Harald Rose at Ulm
June 01, 2010 - Harald H. Rose, the inventor of the practical realizable aberration correction at Ulm University today.
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Fullerenes from Graphene
May 09, 2010 - A detailed observation of the dynamic transformations of graphene published today show unambigously that close-cage fullerene structures are formed directly from flat sheets of graphene.
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Reactions in a Nano-Container
November 26, 2009 - The AC-HR-TEM technique may ultimately improve the understanding of chemical reactions.
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Carbon Chains from Graphene
August 19, 2009 - A new study finds that an exotic carbon allotrope is created due to preferred electron beam-induced chemical etching of a graphene nano-bridge.
Press Releases
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phys.org "Solid and Liquid at the Same Time"
December 09, 2025 - A press article on phys.org reports on a new hybrid state of matter discovered by a team from Germany and UK with the SALVE microscope: in molten metal nanodroplets on graphene, some atoms stay fixed in place and can corral the liquid, keeping platinum liquid more than 1,000 °C below its freezing point (Leist et al.).
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Nano Letters Fron Cover "Location of sulfur vacancies in the middle layer of trilayer TMDs"
August 28, 2024 - The article by Quincke et al. has been selected for this months front cover of Nano Letters.
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Advanced Materials Back Cover "Janus Monolayers"
September 23, 2022 - The article by Gan et al. has been selected for this months back cover of Advanced Materials.
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Advanced Energy Materials Front Cover "New insights in intercalation in Batteries"
September 16, 2021 - The article by Ma et al. has been selected for this months front cover of Advanced Energy Materials.
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Angewandte Chemie Front Cover "Atomic Vacancies in Graphene Lattices"
November 11, 2020 - The article by Cao et al. has been selected for this months front cover of Angewandte Chemie.
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Nature Research "From Chaos to Order"
September 01, 2020 - In a "Behind the Paper" post for Nature Research Chemistry Community, Dr. Kecheng Cao describes the filming of the nucleation of metal from single atoms.
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In recognition of aberration-corrected TEM
June 10, 2020 - In an editorial article in Nature Nanotechnology the journal congratulate this year’s Kavli laureates for their extraordinary achievements. To recognize the work of this year’s Kavli Prizes, in astrophysics, nanoscience and neuroscience, editors of Nature journals have prepared an online collection, gathering publications from the laureates and papers from other scientists that represent important milestones.
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LABORPRAXIS "Atomic Lego or Particle Chaos?"
September 01, 2020 - A press articles on laborpraxis.vogel.de reports on the first observation of the earliest stage of crystallization.
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The Kavli Foundation Kavli Prize in Nanoscience 2020
May 14, 2020 - The Kavli Prize in Nanoscience is awarded to four scientists for their research and inventions of aberration-corrected lenses in electron microscopes: Harald H. Rose from the Group of Electron Microscopy for Materials Science at Ulm University and the Technical University of Darmstadt, Maximilian Haider from CEOS GmbH, Knut Urban from the Forschungszentrum Jülich, and Ondrej L Krivanek from Nion Co.
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Altmetric.de "First-ever video of atoms bonding together"
February 18, 2020 - A new article by Cao et al. has received an Altmetric score of 700 withn 1 month for the media impact of "Imaging an unsupported metal–metal bond in dirhenium molecules at the atomic scale". The work is ranked 9th place out of all publications of Science Advances of similar age and is in the top 1% of all 189,539 articles across all research outputs of similar age ever tracked by Altmetric.
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phys.org "Walking with atoms"
January 17, 2020 - A press articles on phys.org reports on the first recording of atomic scale bond evolution, breaking and formation on film by a team from Germany and UK.
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Rose Prize "Radiation damage at 40 kV"
July 22, 2019 - This year‘s winners of the German Rose prize is Janis Koester from the SALVE microscopy center. It recognizes outstanding master‘s theses in the areas of imaging or analytical techniques, applied physics, materials science or chemistry, which are related to electron microscopy.
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Clarivate Analytics "Highly cited researchers"
July 22, 2019 - Ute Kaiser from Ulm University, Germany, director of the SALVE microscopy center has been recognized as Highly Cited Researcher by the Web of Science Group.
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Altmetric.de "Private life of nanoclusters"
September 10, 2018 - Cao et al. 2018 has received a score of 103 in a very short time for the media impact of "Comparison of atomic scale dynamics for the middle and late transition metal nanocatalysts". The work is ranked 78th place out of all publications of Nature communications and is in the top 1% of all 11,729,579 articles across all research outputs ever tracked by Altmetric.
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phys.org "Peering into atomic clusters"
September 04, 2018 - A press articles on phys.org reports on the first peak experts from Germany and UK have taken into the private life of atomic clusters.
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Chemie.de "Synthesis of graphene understood"
March 23, 2018 - Researchers from Freie Universität Berlin, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and Universität Ulm have made a significant contribution to the wet chemical synthesis of graphene from graphite, defining the mechanism on which it is based.
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Suedwestpresse "Super-Microscope SALVE moves to the University of Ulm"
September 29, 2017 - Since today Ulm University offers another superlative: the most advanced low-voltage electron microscope in the world.
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Advanced Materials Interfaces Front Cover "High Performance Li/S Battery"
October 06, 2016 - The article by Vinayan et al. has been selected for this months front cover of Advanced Materials Interfaces.
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NatureNanotechnology research highlights "Single molecule chemistry: Caught on camera"
April 06, 2017 - An international team of researchers use a particular TEM setup that allows them to track chemical reactions at a single-molecule level in real time and capture intermediate steps of the transformation.
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small Front Cover "Extending the Lifetime of Organic Molecules in Transmission Electron Microscopy"
February 02, 2015 - The article by Chamberlain et al. has been selected for this months inside front cover of small.
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ars technica "Beyond graphene's limits"
June 05, 2014 - The new 2D designer material TGCN, which has now for the first time been observed (see press article "New graphene-type material created") may take us beyond graphene’s limits in semiconductor electronics.
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phys.org "New graphene-type material created"
May 23 and June 05, 2014 - Two press articles on phys.org (1, 2) report on the first production and observation of the new material 'triazine-based graphitic carbon nitride', or TGCN, which was already predicted theoretically in 1996, by a team from UK, Germany, and Finland.
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Southwestmetal Prize "Two-dimensional glass"
April 15, 2014 - One of this year‘s winners of the German Southwestmetal prize is Simon Kurasch from the University of Ulm. With the annual award nine graduates of state universities were decorated.
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Chemie.de "Watching Silica’s Dance"
October 18, 2013 - Physicists at the University of Ulm and Cornell University (NY) have managed to make for the first time dynamic deformation processes in glass visible at the atomic level. These go on when glass is deformed, thus bent or melted.
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Spiegel Online "A Mysterious Material"
October 11, 2013 - Researchers of Ulm University, Germany and Cornell University, US have been able to make the motion of atoms in glass visible. The images could clarify what happens when glass bends or breaks.
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Altmetric rank "Graphene with aroma"
October 07, 2013 - Matei et al. has received a score of 59 in a very short time for the media impact of "Graphene with aroma". The work is ranked 17th place out of 1,500 publications of Advanced Materials and breaks the five percent level, the top of all 1,558,053 articles across all journals ever tracked by Altmetric.
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Guinness Book of World Records "World's thinnest glass ever"
September 12, 2013 - It’s a new record: The world’s thinnest sheet of glass is just two atoms thick as imaged and identified atom-by-atom via electron microscopy by scientists at University of Ulm, Germany and Cornell University, USA. It is now recorded for posterity in the Guinness Book of World Records, 2014.
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Advanced Materials Front Cover "Graphene with aroma"
August 07, 2013 - The article by Matei et al. has been selected for this months front cover of Advanced Materials.
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NatureNanotechnology News and Views "The rise and fall of a dislocation"
August 05, 2013 - Researchers from University of Ulm, the University of Helsinki and Aalto University have followed the full life cycle of dislocations in graphene, from creation to annihilation, with atomic resolution.
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Nature NEWS "Imaging hits noise barrier"
July 10, 2013 - The German SALVE 2 electron microscope is being redesigned to limit noise. Physical limits mean that electron microscopy may be nearing highest possible resolution.
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2012 MRS Fall Meeting "Low Voltage Symposium"
November 25-30, 2012 - The ever first MRS "Low Voltage Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy for Materials Characterization" - symposium was helt in Boston, USA in October 2012. It was organized by Ute A. Kaiser (Ulm University, Germany), director of the SALVE project, and Lawrence F. Drummy (AFRL/RXBN, USA).
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ScienceShot News "Two Dimensional Glass"
February 2, 2012 - Researchers from Ulm University, Germany and Cornell University, USA image for the first time world's thinnest sheet of freestanding glass in aberration-corrected low-voltage electron microscopes. Engineering breakthroughs in aberration-correction made these images possible. The aberration-corrected TEM and STEM used in this paper were manufactured by the companies FEI Electron Optics and CEOS, as well as NION. The measurements are in excellent agreement with an old theoretical model by Zachariasen from the year 1932.
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NatureChemistry Paper "Chemical Reactivity"
September 15, 2011 - Researcher from Ulm University, Germany and Nottingham University, UK have observed sidewall (inner surface) chemical reactions, e.g. sidewall deformation and rupture, open nanoprotrusion formation, and stable closed nanoprotrusions. The researchers studied the direct reaction of fullerene molecules in carbon nanotubes (CNT) by using an electron beam (e-beam) of an aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscope.
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NatureMaterials Paper "Nanoribbon formation in CNTs"
August, 2011 - Researchers from Ulm University, Germany and Nottingham University, UK, as well as the research institute CIC nanoGUNE Consolider, Spain have found a new strategy for spontaneous self-assembly of Graphene NanoRibbons (GNRs) using a Single-Walled Carbon NanoTube (SWNT) as both the reaction vessel and the template for nanoribbon growth.
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Wolf Foundation Wolf Prize in Physics 2011 "Hardware Aberration Correction"
May 29, 2011 - Wolf Prize in Physics be jointly awarded to Maximilian Haider, Harald Rose and Knut Urban for their development of aberration-corrected electron microscopy, allowing the observation of individual atoms with picometer precision, thus revolutionizing materials science.
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Nature Materials Front Cover "Charges under the microscope"
March 3, 2011 - Meyer et al. 2011 have been awarded the picture of the month, the front cover in Nature Materials.
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NatureChemistry Paper "Fullerene Formation"
June 2, 2010 - For the first time, researchers from Ulm University, Germany and Nottingham University, UK observe graphene sheets becoming buckyballs. The mechanism of fullerene formation is described in 4 easy steps: (i) loss of carbon atoms at the edge; (ii) the formation of pentagons, which (iii) triggers the curving of graphene into bowl-shaped structure and which (iv) subsequently zips up its open edges to form a closed fullerene structure.
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NatureNanotechnology News "Caught on camera"
June 2, 2010 - Graphite is routinely transformed into fullerene C60 molecules with the help of lasers or electric arcs, although the exact mechanism by which these spherical carbon structures are formed is still unclear. Andrey Chuvilin, Andrei Khlobystov and colleagues at the universities of Ulm and Nottingham have now directly imaged the formation of fullerene molecule.
Other Highlighted Topics
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European Microscopy Society
August 2026 - The European Microscopy Society mourns the passing of Harald Rose on 27 July 2026, one of the great architects of modern electron optics. The obituary also recalls his close collaboration of nearly two decades with Ulm University and his contributions to the SALVE project.
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Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and University of Washington, USA
October 2020 - Researchers of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and the University of Washington comment in their article in Nature Chemistry "What atoms do when they get together" on the article "Atomic mechanism of metal crystal nucleus formation in a single-walled carbon nanotube" by scientists from the Universities of Ulm and Nottingham and the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Nature Chemistry.
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Chemistry Review Magazine, USA
September 2020 - A comment poster by Imogen Howard reports in Chemistry Review Magazine on the frst movie recorded of a chemical bond breaking and forming by scientists from the Universities of Ulm and Nottingham.
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University of California, Davis, USA
July 2020 - Bruce C. Gates et al. from the University of California, Davis, USA comment in ACS Catalysis on the frst directly image the dynamics of dirhenium clusters within a single-walled carbon nanotube by a team from the Universities of Ulm (Germany), Nottingham (UK), Southampton (UK) and Leeds (UK).
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Zhejiang, Arizona State, King Abdullah and Fudan University
February 2020 - Yihan Zhu et al. from the Zhejiang University of Technology (China) and Christian Dwyer from the Arizona State University (USA) comment in Advanced Materials on the usage of graphene as protective specimen coating applied by the Universities of Ulm (Germany) and Manchester (UK).
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Ulm and Nottingham University, Germany
August 2018 - Researchers of the Electron Microscopy for Materials Science at Ulm University, Germany have filmed the private life of 14 different nanoclusters and classified their findings together with the scientists from the Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre at the University of Nottingham, UK in a new Periodic Table of Elements.
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University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA
November 2014 - S. J. Pennycook from the University of Tennessee and S. V. Kalinin from Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA contribute in nature to the discussion about constantly increasing resolution electron microscopy that was raised by the article "Imaging hits noise barrier" by E. S. Reich including contributions from U. Dahmen (TEAM project) and D. A. Muller (Cornell University), see section press on the SALVE homepage.
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Ulm University, Germany
October 2017 - The group of Electron Microscopy for Materials Science at Ulm University announces the inauguration of the SALVE III microscope and the SALVE building together with the 3rd SALVE symposium in December 2017. The events are part of the 50th anniversary celebration of Ulm University.
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Ulm University, Germany
January 2017 - Scientists from the Groups of Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMMS) at Ulm University studied single–layer 2D MoSe2 in an aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscope operated at 80 kV.
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Ulm University, Germany
September 2016 - Professor Ute A. Kaiser, director of the SALVE project, gave a presentation to visitors of the „Highlights of Physics“, a big science festival in Germany, about history of aberration correction and the state-of-the-art microscopy including the new SALVE microscope.
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Ulm University, Germany
April 2016 - Scientists from the Group of Electron Microscopy of Materials Science at Ulm University have compared the relative population of three different divacancy defect states to the thermal distribution. They find that the measured populations cannot be fitted to the Boltzmann distribution, and consequently no universal virtual temperature can be assigned to the system.
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Ulm University, Germany and Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland
April 2015 - Researchers have presented a new method for correcting the antisymmetric sub-group of aberrations in HRTEM images during numerical post-processing in the case of weakly scattering objects. The procedure can be performed on a single conventional HRTEM image and allows a more flexible and faster corrector tuning procedure.
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA
March 2015 - Christian Kisielowski from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratoryin in the USA comments in Advanced Materials on the innovations driven by the SALVE project.
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Oxford University, UK
February 2015 - Ultramicroscopy dedicates a special issue to Harald Rose on his 80th birthday.
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University of Liverpool, UK and Charles-University Prague, CZ
December 2014 - Andrew Cooper from the University of Liverpool in the UK and Michael Bojdys, Charles University Prague, Czech Republic, co-authors of the publication on the synthesis of the first stable binary carbon(IV) nitride by Algara-Siller et. al. 2014 compare in materialstoday 2D carbon nitride with graphene.
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Ulm University, Germany
October 2014 - Ute Kaiser from Ulm University, Germany, director of the SALVE project, is guest editor of the special issue "Low-Voltage Electron Microscopy" in Ultramicroscopy 2014.
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Nottingham University, UK
September 2014 - Researchers from University of Nottingham have extended the lifetime of organic molecules under the electron beam via isotope substitution of Protium by Deuterium. Supporting this work, researchers from the University of Ulm have used aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (AC-HRTEM) at 80 kV to quantify the critical dose for the decomposition of coronene encapsulated in SWNT depending on the hydrogene isotope.
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Technical University Freiberg, Germany
August 2014 - Edwin Kroke from Institute for Anorganic Chemistry of the Technical University Freiberg in Germany comments in Angewandte Chemie on the synthesis of the first stable binary carbon(IV) nitride by Algara-Siller et. al. 2014.
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Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Germany
October 2013 - Markus Heyde from Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society comments in Science on the discovery of Huang et al. about the structure and motion of a 2D-Glass.
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FEMMS - Frontiers of Electron Microscopy in Materials Science, Australia
September 2013 - Ute A. Kaiser, director of the SALVE project, was invited speaker at the Frontiers of Electron Microscopy in Materials Science meeting in Lorne, Australia which is aimed to bring together the foremost practitioners in electron microscopy.
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University of Birmingham, UK
August 2013 - Palmer et al. from University of Birmingham, UK comment the paper by Angelova et al. 2013 about self-assembled monolayers, electron-beam writing, and carbon nanomembranes in the same issue of ACS Nano. They describe on the example of this paper how "nanoscience translates into technology" and reflect on progress in this field in which scientists "are pulling together complementary stands from a quarter century research to develop novel, hybrid processing schemes".
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University of Bielefeld, Germany
August 2013 - Researchers from University of Bielefeld have investigated transformation from Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) of numerous aromatic molecules via electron-beam irradiation to Carbon Nanomembranes (CNMs). Supporting this work, researchers from the University of Ulm have used aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (AC-HRTEM) at 80 kV to reveal the atomic structure of CNMs after conversion into graphene.
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Northwestern University, USA
July 2013 - Laurence D. Marks from Northwestern University, USA comments CEOS' article about "Thermal Magnetic Field Noise and Transmission Electron Microscopy". He explains "What are the Resolution Limits in Electron Microscopes" and discusses the new "Unexpected barrier to better resolution in electron microscopes" in the context of the recent developments and the future of the Electron Microscope in Materials Science.
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CEOS - Corrected Electron Optical Systems company, Germany
July 2013 – Uhlemann and Co-authors from CEOS company build the Cc/Cs-corrector for the SALVE project. Now they have identified that magnetic field noise from thermally driven currents in the conductive parts of the instrument is the root cause for a hitherto unknown phenomenon that limits resolution in Electron Microscopes.
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University of Alberta, Canada
October 2012 - Raymond F. Egerton from the University of Alberta, Canada is visiting professor at Ulm University, Germany. He opened a lecture course for graduated students on "Introduction into analytical electron microscopy" with the 2-weeks course on "Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy". He also gave two SALVE-Seminar talks in the field of radiation damage. Egerton discussed in his paper the "Mechanisms of Radiation Damage in Beam-Sensitive Specimens, for TEM Accelerating Voltages Between 10 and 300 kV" in Microscopy Research and Technique.
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LBNL - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA
October 2012 - TEAM project, USA reports on the decrease of the accelerating voltage of the aberration-corrected TEAM0.5 TEM 80-300 down to 20 kV.
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CEOS - Corrected Electron Optical Systems company, Germany
July 2012 - CEOS, founded in 1996 by Maximilian Haider and Joachim Zach, is now concentrating on incorporation of a new electron optical component in the SALVE II microscope. The development includes correction for the spherical, chromatic, and coma-type aberrations. The CEOS company has meanwhile become the world leading manufacturer of correctors for electron microscopes. In particular, the company CEOS has built the Cc/Cs-corrector for the 0.5-Å TEAM microscope - a microscope that breaks the limits in materials science. In this successful tradition, SALVE scientists come now a step closer to the dream of the first fully corrected low-kv-tunable high-resolution electron microscope.
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MIT - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA and PSU - The Pennsylvania State University, USA
March 2012 - Midred Dresselhaus et al. comment in their article in Materials Today on the "Experimental analysis of charge redistribution due to chemical bonding by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy" reported by scientists from Ulm University and co-workers in Nature Materials.
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ISAEM - International Symposium on Advanced Electron Microscopy, China
January 2012 - Ute A. Kaiser, director of the SALVE project was chairman and invited speaker at the first circular-Beijing EM Symposium at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China.
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Strasbourg University, France
September 2011 - Florian Banhart former member of staff at Ulm University, now with the Univeristy of Strasbourg, France writes a comment paper on - "Self-assembly of a sulphur-terminated graphene nanoribbon within a single-walled carbon nanotube" - reported by scientists from Ulm University and co-workers in Nature Materials.
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ER-C - Ernst Ruska Centre, Germany
March 2011 - Knut W. Urban from the Ernst Ruska Centre Jülich, Germany writes a comment paper on Ulm Universities "Charges under the microscope" in Nature Materials.
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NION Corp. ,USA
March 2011 - NION Corp., USA reports on the decreases of the accelerating voltage of the aberration-corrected Nion UltraSTEM™ 200 down to 20 kV.
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Vienna University, Austria
September 2010 - Jannik C. Meyer, former scientific co-worker at Ulm University, Germany and SALVE member received the professorship for "Complex systems and hybrid materials" at Vienna University, Austria.
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ZEISS Microscopy, Germany
July 2010 - First measurements with the ZEISS LIBRA® 200 TEM operated at 20 keV. With aberration correction at lower accelerating voltages, a new trend in transmission electron microscopy was opened, in order to fulfil the growing demand of imaging electron beam-sensitive materials at their atomic level. Until now, resolution performance has been unknown at accelerating voltages between 20-80 keV.